Health Effects

It is not considered that exposure to the level of electromagnetic fields one might encounter in a living environment would have any adverse health effects.

Very strong low frequency electromagnetic fields (roughly below 100 kHz) can induce electric fields within the body and have stimulating effect that affects nerves and muscles.

Very strong radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (roughly above 100 kHz) have thermal effect of heating biological tissues.

In the vast amount of research conducted over the past several decades worldwide, exposure levels that could induce adverse health effects have been identified.

The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines for both low and radio-frequency electromagnetic fields, with a boundary of 100 kHz, which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects, based on these research findings.

There is no confirmed evidence that the effects of low frequency electromagnetic fields or radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (radio waves) encountered in living environments accumulate.

Moreover, under the Radio Act, electromagnetic fields with a frequency of 3 million MHz (megahertz) or below, that is, below 3 THz (terahertz), are defined as “radio waves.” Electromagnetic fields with higher frequencies include infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, and radiation (X-rays, gamma rays).

Among these, a part of ultraviolet rays and radiation have the ability to ionize (ionizing effect) by knocking electrons from the atoms that make up a substance when passing through it. If a living organism is excessively exposed to this ionizing radiation, damage to DNA can occur. Cells normally have the ability to repair this damage properly, but if the repair is not performed correctly, the damage can accumulate, impairing the normal function of the cells, and potentially leading to adverse effects such as cancer.

Transmission lines generate low frequency magnetic fields (50/60 Hz (hertz)).

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which the stimulating effect of very strong low frequency magnetic fields could cause adverse health effects.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects. The ICNIRP established a maximum exposure limit of 200 µT (microteslas) for low-frequency magnetic fields generated from power facilities such as transmission lines to the general public.

Japan EMF Information Center (JEIC) has conducted measurements of low frequency magnetic fields generated from electric power facilities such as transmission lines, based on the international standard (IEC 62110). As the result, it has been shown that the strength of the low-frequency magnetic fields generated from electric power facilities is below the regulatory value (200 µT (microteslas) ) set by the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry's ordinance), which is the same value as the reference levels recommended by the ICNIRP Guidelines. In commissioned research by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry as well, it has been shown that the strength of the magnetic fields generated from power facilities is below the regulatory value (200 µT) defined by the Ministry's ordinance.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a specialized agency of the World Health Organization (WHO), has evaluated extremely low frequency magnetic fields as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” due to consistent associations found between increased risk of childhood leukemia and exposure to levels below those recommended in the guidelines for living environments. Subsequently, in relation to the IARC's evaluation, the WHO Headquarter has stated that “Overall, the evidence related to childhood leukemia is not strong enough to be considered causal.” Furthermore, it assesses that the evidence for other health impacts is “much weaker than for childhood leukemia.”

JEIC offers lending service (with shipping costs to be borne by the user) of low frequency magnetic field meter that can measure the strength of magnetic fields emitted from transmission lines. (only in Japan)

Transmission lines generate low frequency magnetic fields (50/60 Hz (hertz)).

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which the stimulating effect of very strong low-frequency magnetic fields could cause adverse health effects.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects, The ICNIRP established a maximum exposure limit of 200 µT (microteslas) for low-frequency magnetic fields generated from power facilities such as transmission lines to the general public.

Japan EMF Information Center (JEIC) has conducted measurements of low frequency magnetic fields generated from electric power facilities such as transmission lines, based on the international standard (IEC 62110). As the result, it has been shown that the strength of the low frequency magnetic fields generated from electric power facilities is below the reference level (200 µT) of the ICNIRP Guidelines. In commissioned research by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry as well, it has been shown that the strength of the magnetic fields generated from power facilities is below the regulatory value (200 µT) defined by the Ministry's ordinance.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a specialized agency of the World Health Organization (WHO), has evaluated extremely low frequency magnetic fields as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” due to consistent associations found between increased risk of childhood leukemia and exposure to levels below those recommended in the guidelines for living environments. Subsequently, in relation to the IARC's evaluation, the WHO Headquarter has stated that “Overall, the evidence related to childhood leukemia is not strong enough to be considered causal.” Furthermore, it assesses that the evidence for other health impacts is “much weaker than for childhood leukemia.”

JEIC offers lending service (with shipping costs to be borne by the user) of low frequency magnetic field meters that can measure the strength of magnetic fields emitted from transmission lines. (only in Japan)

PC and TV generate low frequency electromagnetic fields (50/60 Hz (herz)).

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which adverse health effects can be caused.

The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects, based on these research findings.

Current PCs and TVs mainly use liquid crystal display (LCD) or organic electroluminescence (OEL), and the electromagnetic fields generated from these ones are lower than previous cathode ray tube (CRT) display.

Japan EMF Information Center (JEIC) has conducted measurements of low frequency magnetic fields generated from home appliances including PCs and TVs, based on the international standard (IEC 62233). As the result, it has been shown that the strength of the low frequency magnetic fields generated from all the appliances measured are below the reference level of the ICNIRP Guidelines to the general public.

Induction hob generates both low frequency magnetic fields (50/60 Hz (hertz)) from the power supply circuit and intermediate frequency magnetic fields (20 to 90 kHz (kilohertz)) from the coil part that induce eddy current flow with pan and heat it.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which adverse health effects can be caused.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

Japan EMF Information Center (JEIC) has conducted measurements of low and intermediate frequency magnetic fields generated from induction hobs, based on the international standard (IEC 62233). As the result, it has been shown that the strength of the magnetic fields generated from induction hobs are below the reference level of the ICNIRP Guidelines to the general public.

Microwave ovens utilize high frequency electromagnetic fields (microwave) at 2.45 GHz (gigahertz) to cook food. When microwaves are absorbed by molecules with polarity (positive and negative charges), such as water and proteins, the molecules oscillate and rotate, causing an increase in temperature. Then food is heated and cooked through the heat generated by the increased temperature.

However, after turning off the microwave oven, there is no residual microwave energy left in the microwave's cavity or in the food. Additionally, like conventional ovens, there is no generation of harmful substances in food cooked in a microwave oven.

Microwave ovens are equipped with mesh-like components on the door and around the outer perimeter to ensure that microwaves are securely confined inside the microwave's interior. Additionally, microwave ovens are designed to immediately stop emitting microwaves when the door is opened to prevent any leakage outside. Therefore, there is no exposure to harmful microwaves, and it is not considered that microwave ovens have any adverse health effects.

Mobile phone base stations emit radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (radio waves).

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which the thermal effect of very strong radio-frequency electromagnetic fields could cause adverse health effects.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has concluded in Fact Sheet No.304 “Base Stations and Wireless Technologies” that “considering the very low exposure levels and research results collected to date, there is no convincing scientific evidence that the weak RF [radio frequency] signals [radio waves] from base stations and wireless networks cause adverse health effects.”

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications has also set Radio Wave Protection Guidelines equivalent to the ICNIRP Guidelines and mandates that operators of radio stations must implement safety measures for radio wave intensity to ensure the thorough implementation of safe radio wave use. This system obliges operators of radio stations to install facilities such as fences in places where radio wave intensity emitted from radio stations exceeds the reference values in locations where people normally enter and exit. This measure aims to prevent easy access by the general public to these areas.

Inside and outside railway vehicles as well as on platforms, static magnetic fields [0Hz (hertz)], low frequency magnetic fields (from a few hertz to tens of hertz) and intermediate frequency magnetic fields (from a few hundred hertz to several kilohertz) are generated.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which adverse health effects can be caused.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

The Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport, and Tourism has specified in an ordinance that magnetic fields generated from railway-related facilities “must be implemented in a manner that does not pose a risk to human health."

The Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR), an advisory group to the European Commission (executive body of European Union (EU)), has stated in an Opinion that “among people occupationally exposed to extremely low frequency magnetic fields, somewhat higher risks of neurodegenerative diseases (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)) were observed in some epidemiological studies, however, these studies had methodological limitations such as misclassification of exposure due to the lack of actual measurements of exposure levels and classification based on occupation.”

Medical practitioners such as doctors and nurses who conduct MRI diagnostics are exposed to substantially strong static magnetic fields. Exposure to strong static magnetic fields near MRI equipment can cause temporary physical discomfort such as dizziness. However, with appropriate work practices, exposure up to 8 T (tesla) is considered acceptable.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported that there is insufficient research to draw conclusions about long-term effects of exposure to strong static magnetic fields.

The international guidelines established by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) for occupational exposure to the 50/60 Hz (hertz) magnetic fields within the low frequency range is 1,000µT (microteslas). A health impact study conducted on maintenance workers in the vicinity of electric power facilities such as transmission lines was conducted some time ago, and no health impacts were reported. Welders are exposed to strong magnetic fields due to the high current flowing through power cord of the welding machine, but the results of occupational health surveys have not reported any adverse health impacts.

When performing maintenance work in the immediate vicinity of antennas on radio towers or mobile phone base stations, if there is a risk of exceeding the regulatory limits of workplace environmental protection guidelines, it may be necessary to temporarily shut down the radio waves and conduct the work. In such cases, the workers will not be exposed to strong radio waves because they are not emitted.

Optical cables do not use electromagnetic fields up to 300 GHz (gigahertz). The type of light primarily used in optical fibers is infrared to visible light, which also exist in natural environment. The output power of the light is very weak and the light does no leak from the cables.

Optical mice use LEDs that emit red light (visible light). There are also mice that use LEDs emitting blue light or infrared. In any case, lights or infrared emitted from mouse is not harmful to the human body.

The discomfort in the hand may be due to fatigue caused by holding the mouse at the same angle for a long time, or by excessive use of the fingers for clicking. It might be good to try taking appropriate breaks when working with the mouse.

Although very strong infrared can heat up a substance when absorbed, the infrared used in TV remote controls has a very low output power and does not have any adverse health effects.

Products such as necklaces and bracelets, which are marketed as having benefits like easing shoulder stiffness and improving blood circulation through the power of magnets, use permanent magnets. Typically, they generate a static magnetic field of around 100mT (milliteslas).

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which adverse health effects can be caused.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines (limit value of 400mT for static magnetic fields) which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

Static magnetic fields emitted from magnet necklaces and others are below the limit value of the Guideline.

Furthermore, for those using implanted medical devices such as cardiac pacemaker, it is advised to avoid bringing magnetic therapy devices close to the implantation site. Although not related to electromagnetic fields, some products of this type may violate the Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Law (formerly the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law) by making unsubstantiated efficacy claims or may cause metal allergies, so please exercise caution.

World Health Organization (WHO) does not principally conduct risk assessment of electromagnetic fields used for medical purpose. This is because therapy devices are used with the intention of treatment and to achieve their effects.

Home medical devices, including electric potential therapy devices, are evaluated based on medical device certification.

Additionally, Japan Home-Health Apparatus Industrial Association introduces efficacy and intended use of these devices. While using these devices for therapeutic purposes involves exposure to electromagnetic waves (electromagnetic fields), there are also benefits. However, it is imperative to adhere to the contraindications and prohibitions indicated by each manufacturer. For instance, caution is necessary for people with implanted medical devices such as cardiac pacemakers.

World Health Organization (WHO) does not principally conduct risk assessment of electromagnetic fields used for medical purpose. This is because therapy devices are used with the intention of treatment and to achieve their effects.

Magnetic therapy devices undergo medical device approval review based on the Pharmaceutical and Medical Device Law (formerly the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law), as well as conformity inspections under the Electrical Appliance and Material Safety Law.

Furthermore, to ensure safe and correct use, please always read the instruction manual and absolutely do not engage in any 'contraindicated or prohibited' activities. While these devices expose you to electromagnetic waves (electromagnetic fields) when used for therapeutic purposes, they also offer certain benefits. However, caution is necessary for people with implanted medical devices such as cardiac pacemakers.

World Health Organization (WHO) does not principally conduct risk assessment of electromagnetic fields used for medical purpose. This is because therapy devices are used with the intention of treatment and to achieve their effects.

CT is an equipment that emits X-ray from all directions, while MRI is a diagnostic equipment that uses direct current magnetic fields (electromagnetic waves). The two operate on different principles of action. The World Health Organization (WHO) does not deal with radiation and electromagnetic waves generated by such medical practices, as these are a matter of personal choice. For example, while CT scans have the benefit of detecting cancer, they also carry the risk of possibly causing cancer, making it a matter of individual choice.

On the other hand, there are regulations concerning the working environment of medical professionals.

According to the Guidelines of the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP), the limit values for static magnetic fields are 2 T for occupational exposure and 400mT (milliteslas) (= 0.4 T) for public exposure.

Exposure to the static magnetic field emitted by an MRI device may exceed these limit values, however, this is considered an exposure accompanying medical procedures, and not a health effects concern for the World Health Organization (WHO). This is because MRI offers benefits such as early detection of diseases.

Additionally, when undergoing an examination inside the static magnetic field of an MRI equipment, moving one's head can cause symptoms like dizziness and nausea. Therefore, it is important to follow the instructions for the examination.

In very strong static electric fields, discomfort due to electric discharge may occur. Moving one’s head in very strong static magnetic fields (e.g., inside medical equipment like MRI) may temporarily cause symptoms such as dizziness and nausea.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which adverse health effects can be caused.

The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects, based on these research findings. According to the ICNIRP, the limit values for static magnetic fields are 2 T for occupational exposure and 400 mT (milliteslas) (= 0.4 T) for public exposure.

In normal living environment, one does not encounter such very strong static electric or magnetic fields.

TV/radio broadcasting stations including Tokyo Skytree emit radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (radio waves).

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which the thermal effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields could cause adverse health effects.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has concluded in Fact Sheet No.304 “Base Stations and Wireless Technologies” that “considering the very low exposure levels and research results collected to date, there is no convincing scientific evidence that the weak radio-frequency signals [radio waves] from base stations and wireless networks cause adverse health effects.”

The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects, based on these research findings.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications has also set Radio Wave Protection Guidelines equivalent to the ICNIRP Guidelines and mandates that operators of radio stations must implement safety measures for radio wave intensity to ensure the thorough implementation of safe radio wave use. This system obliges operators of radio stations to install facilities such as fences in places where radio wave intensity emitted from radio stations exceeds the reference values in locations where people normally enter and exit. This measure aims to prevent easy access by the general public to these areas.

Amateur radio towers emit the same type of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (radio waves) as mobile phones.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which the thermal effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields could cause adverse health effects.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has concluded in Fact Sheet No.304 “Base Stations and Wireless Technologies” that “considering the very low exposure levels and research results collected to date, there is no convincing scientific evidence that the weak RF [radio-frequency] signals [radio waves] from base stations and wireless networks cause adverse health effects.”

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications has also set Radio Wave Protection Guidelines equivalent to the ICNIRP Guidelines and mandates that operators of radio stations, including amateur radio stations, must implement safety measures for radio wave intensity to ensure the thorough implementation of safe radio wave use. This system obliges operators of radio stations to install facilities such as fences in places where radio wave intensity emitted from radio stations exceeds the reference values in locations where people normally enter and exit. This aims to prevent easy access by the general public to these areas.

TV/radio broadcasting stations emit the same type of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (radio waves) as mobile phones.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which the thermal effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields could cause adverse health effects.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has concluded in Fact Sheet No.304 “Base Stations and Wireless Technologies” that “considering the very low exposure levels and research results collected to date, there is no convincing scientific evidence that the weak RF [radio-frequency] signals [radio waves] from base stations and wireless networks cause adverse health effects.”

The International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects, based on these research findings.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications has also set Radio Wave Protection Guidelines equivalent to the ICNIRP Guidelines and mandates that operators of radio stations must implement safety measures for radio wave intensity to ensure the thorough implementation of safe radio wave use. This system obliges operators of radio stations to install facilities such as fences in places where radio wave intensity emitted from radio stations exceeds the reference values in locations where people normally enter and exit. This aims to prevent easy access by the general public to these areas.

Mobile phones emit radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (radio waves) during calls and data transmission.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which the thermal effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields could cause adverse health effects.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

The Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications has also set Radio Wave Protection Guidelines equivalent to the ICNIRP Guidelines, protecting the general public from harmful radio wave exposure.

Radio waves emitted from mobile phones are below the exposure limit values of the ICNIRP Guidelines and do not cause thermal effect.

The Scientific Committee on Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR), an advisory body to the European Commission (the executive body of the European Union (EU)), stated in its Opinion that "studies on male fertility had poor quality and provide few evidences."

In addition, when talking with a mobile phone for an extended period with the device pressed against the ear, not only does it restrict heat dissipation due to the ear being covered, but the phone's battery also generates heat, which further warms the area around the ear. As a result, the temperature of vital organs in the ear, such as the vestibular system responsible for balance, may rise due to these factors, potentially leading to disruption and causing headaches and general malaise.

Mobile phones and smartphones emit radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (radio waves) during calls and data transmission.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which the thermal effect of radio-frequency electromagnetic fields could cause adverse health effects.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

Radio waves emitted from mobile phones are below the exposure limit values of the ICNIRP Guidelines and do not cause thermal effect.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a specialized agency of the World Health Organization (WHO), has classified radio frequency electromagnetic fields (radio waves) as "possibly carcinogenic to humans", based on large-scale epidemiological studies on relationship between mobile phone use and brain tumors, and other research findings. WHO is currently conducting comprehensive health risk assessment of radio waves, and the results are expected to be available after 2023. However, in relation to IARC's assessment, WHO has stated that "Extensive research has been conducted for over 20 years to evaluate whether mobile phone use may have potential health risks. To date, no established health effects have been attributed to the use of mobile phones."

Further, WHO posted Q&A about “5G mobile networks and health” and stated that "to date, and after much research performed, no adverse health effect has been causally linked with exposure to wireless technologies. Health-related conclusions are drawn from studies performed across the entire radio spectrum but, so far, only a few studies have been carried out at the frequencies to be used by 5G. Tissue heating is the main mechanism of interaction between radiofrequency fields and the human body. Radiofrequency exposure levels from current technologies result in negligible temperature rise in the human body. As the frequency increases, there is less penetration into the body tissues and absorption of the energy becomes more confined to the surface of the body (skin and eye). Provided that the overall exposure remains below international guidelines, no consequences for public health are anticipated."

All-electric home is a residence where all the energy for domestic purposes such as hot water supply, cooking, air conditioning and heating is integrated to electricity. Just like using home appliances, the use of electricity generates low frequency magnetic fields.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which the stimulating effect of very strong low frequency magnetic fields could cause adverse health effects.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

In general, low frequency magnetic fields generated from all-electric home are below the exposure limit values of the ICNIRP Guidelines (200 µT (microteslas)).

When considering an all-electric home, it would be recommended to consider factors other than frequency magnetic fields, such as economy and safety (since an all-electric home does not use fire, it is safe for elderly people and children).

Electric blanket and others generate low frequency magnetic fields during the usage.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which the stimulating effect of very strong low frequency magnetic fields could cause adverse health effects.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects. ICNIRP established a maximum exposure limit of 200 µT (microteslas) for low-frequency magnetic fields generated from home appliances and power facilities to the general public.

Japan EMF Information Center (JEIC) has conducted measurements of low frequency magnetic fields generated from 42 home appliances including electric blankets, based on the international standard (IEC 62233). As the result, it has been shown that the strength of the low frequency magnetic fields generated from all the appliances measured are below the reference level of the ICNIRP Guidelines.

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a specialized agency of the World Health Organization (WHO), has evaluated extremely low frequency magnetic fields as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” due to consistent associations found between increased risk of childhood leukemia and exposure to levels below those recommended in the guidelines for living environments. Subsequently, in relation to the IARC's evaluation, the WHO Headquarter has stated that “Overall, the evidence related to childhood leukemia is not strong enough to be considered causal.” Furthermore, it assesses that the evidence for other health impacts is “much weaker than for childhood leukemia.”

If you are concerned, you can turn on the electric blanket before going to bed to warm it up, and then turn it off when you go to sleep to avoid exposure to low frequency magnetic fields.

Even if transmission lines are buried underground, it does not mean that the magnetic fields disappear. However, underground transmission lines can reduce the magnetic fields by mutually canceling out, due to the installation of insulated cables (typically three) in close proximity.

On the other hand, since the distance between the cable and people on the ground is often closer than when power lines are overhead, the magnetic fields tend to be higher near the area directly above the buried cables compared to overhead transmission lines. However, it cannot be categorically stated that underground transmission lines have lower or higher magnetic fields.

In a commissioned survey by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, it was shown that the strength of low-frequency magnetic fields emitted from both overhead and underground transmission lines is equivalent, and both are lower than the regulatory value (200 µT (microteslas)) set by the Ministry's ordinance.

Home appliances generate low and intermediate frequency magnetic fields during the usage.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which the stimulating effect of very strong low frequency magnetic fields could cause adverse health effects.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

Japan EMF Information Center (JEIC) has conducted measurements of low frequency magnetic fields generated from 42 home appliances such as TVs, air conditioners and washing machines, based on the international standard (IEC 62233). As the result, it has been shown that the strength of the low frequency magnetic fields generated from all the appliances measured are below the reference level of the ICNIRP Guidelines (200 µT (microteslas)).

As mentioned above, the magnetic fields generated from commercially available home appliances are lower than the reference level of the ICNIRP Guidelines, as long as they are used according to the instruction manual.

Additionally, the strength of the magnetic field is proportional to the magnitude of the electric current and inversely proportional to the distance from the source (if the distance is doubled, the magnetic field becomes a quarter). Therefore, in a typical living environment where multiple home appliances are used, it is considered that the reference level of the ICNIRP Guidelines will not be exceeded at any location.

If you are still concerned, you can reduce magnetic field exposure by staying away from home appliances and power cables while they are in use. However, the World Health Organization does not require exposure reduction.

Home appliances generate low and intermediate frequency magnetic fields during the usage.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which the stimulating effect of very strong low frequency magnetic fields could cause adverse health effects.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

Japan EMF Information Center (JEIC) has conducted measurements of low frequency magnetic fields generated from 42 home appliances such as TVs, air conditioners and washing machines, and intermediate frequency magnetic fields generated from induction hobs, based on the international standard (IEC 62233). As the result, it has been shown that the strength of the magnetic fields generated from all the appliances measured, including induction hobs, are below the reference level of the ICNIRP Guidelines (200 µT (microteslas)) and up to few % of that at the highest.

When using multiple home appliances simultaneously, it is necessary to ensure that the combined percentages of the magnetic field generated from each appliance against the reference level of the ICNIRP Guidelines does not exceed 100%. However, in reality, as the strength of the magnetic field decreases rapidly with distance from the source, it is considered unlikely to exceed 100% in a typical living environment.

The World Health Organization (WHO) in Fact Sheet No. 322 "Exposure to extremely low frequency fields" has concluded that "a number of other adverse health effects have been studied for possible association with ELF magnetic field exposure. These include other childhood cancers, cancers in adults, depression, suicide, cardiovascular disorders, reproductive dysfunction, developmental disorders, immunological modifications, neurobehavioural effects and neurodegenerative disease. The WHO Task Group concluded that scientific evidence supporting an association between ELF magnetic field exposure and all of these health effects is much weaker than for childhood leukemia. In some instances (i.e. for cardiovascular disease or breast cancer) the evidence suggests that these fields do not cause them."

Furthermore, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has expressed the view that “a causal relationship between magnetic fields and childhood leukemia has not been established nor have any other long-term effects been established.”

The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a specialized agency of the World Health Organization (WHO), has evaluated extremely low frequency magnetic fields as “possibly carcinogenic to humans” due to consistent associations found between increased risk of childhood leukemia and exposure to levels below those recommended in the guidelines for living environments. Subsequently, in relation to the IARC's evaluation, the WHO Headquarter has stated that “Overall, the evidence related to childhood leukemia is not strong enough to be considered causal.”

Furthermore, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has expressed the view that “a causal relationship between magnetic fields and childhood leukemia has not been established nor have any other long-term effects been established.”

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which adverse health effects can be caused.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

Japan EMF Information Center (JEIC) has conducted measurements of low frequency magnetic fields generated from home appliances and electric power facilities including transmission lines, based on the international standard (IEC 62233 and IEC 62110, respectively). As the result, it has been shown that the strength of the magnetic fields generated from home appliances and electric power facilities are below the reference level (200 µT (microteslas)) of the ICNIRP Guidelines and the equivalent regulatory value set by the Ministry of Economy, Trade, and Industry's ordinance.

Therefore, in a typical living environment, exposure to low frequency magnetic fields of a strength that would cause a stimulating effect will not occur, and there are no adverse health effects due to the stimulating effect.

This phenomenon itself is not a direct adverse health effect. However, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines based on the exposure level that causes the magnetic phosphene, from the perspectives of safety that "the retina is part of the CNS [central nervous system] and is regarded as an appropriate, albeit conservative, model for induced electric field effects on CNS neuronal circuitry in general" and "avoiding retinal phosphenes should protect against any possible effects on brain function."

The World Health Organization (WHO) considers that there are no effects from low level exposure to low frequency electric fields, and focuses its assessment primarily on the health effects of low level exposure to low frequency magnetic fields.

In the carcinogenic hazard assessment conducted by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), a specialized agency of the World Health Organization (WHO), extremely low frequency magnetic fields are classified as Group 2B (possibly carcinogenic), while extremely low frequency electric fields are classified as Group 3 (not classifiable as to their carcinogenicity). The basis for this classification was the association between magnetic field exposure and childhood leukemia. Following IARC's carcinogenic hazard assessment, the WHO's Headquarters risk assessment stated, "overall, the evidence related to childhood leukemia is not strong enough to be considered causal."

Furthermore, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has expressed the view that “a causal relationship between magnetic fields and childhood leukemia has not been established nor have any other long-term effects been established.”

Even in the case of low frequency magnetic fields, where various research is still being conducted worldwide, there is no solid evidence found that the levels of exposure experienced by the general public have any adverse health effects.

Very strong low frequency electromagnetic fields (electric and magnetic fields) can induce electric fields within the body (induced electric fields) and have stimulating effect that affects nerves and muscles. However, even if the external electric field is very strong, the majority of the charges inside the body are neutralized by the charges induced on the body surface. Therefore, the induced electric field inside the body caused by the external electric field is extremely weak. As a result, stimulating effects due to electric fields are not considered an adverse health problem.

If you are still concerned and want to reduce magnetic field exposure, it would be effective to avoid placing children's beds near indoor wiring in walls or under floors, to decrease exposure to magnetic fields from these sources.

For electromagnetic fields, the vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which adverse health effects can be caused.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

The view of the World Health Organization (WHO) and various national authorities is that as long as exposure levels do not exceed the limits set in the Guidelines, adverse health effects are not anticipated.

This view is constantly revised in light of the latest scientific findings. If new evidence emerges suggesting adverse health effects from electromagnetic field exposure levels lower than those considered in the Guidelines, a new risk assessment will be conducted.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which adverse health effects can be caused.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that “broader research has been conducted, to date, there is no evidence to conclude that exposure to low level (below the ICNIRP Guidelines) magnetic fields are harmful to human health.” The views of various national governments are generally the same.

Additionally, in some countries, political decisions have been made to set exposure levels from facilities and equipment that generate magnetic fields lower than the limit values of the international guidelines, in response to public concerns. Furthermore, there are countries and regions that prohibit the construction of homes and schools near power lines and restrict the use of mobile phones by children. These are merely "precautionary approach" and do not mean that the governments of these countries acknowledge a causal relationship between magnetic field exposure encountered in living environments and adverse health effects.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which adverse health effects can be caused.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has stated that “broader research has been conducted, to date, there is no evidence to conclude that exposure to low level (below the ICNIRP Guidelines) magnetic fields are harmful to human health.” The views of various national governments are generally the same.

Some books and other sources selectively compile only those research findings that suggest harmful effects, creating a narrative that “electromagnetic fields are dangerous” and stirring up readers' anxiety. Therefore, caution is necessary when considering these sources.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which adverse health effects can be caused.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has concluded in Fact Sheet No. 322 "Exposure to Extremely Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields" that "numerous harmful effects on health, such as cardiovascular diseases, have been studied for their potential association with extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure. It has been shown that extremely low frequency magnetic fields do not cause these diseases."

Furthermore, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has expressed the view that "a causal relationship between magnetic fields and ... any long-term effects been established."

If you are using an implanted medical device such as a cardiac pacemaker, please consult with your physician for cautions when using devices that generate electromagnetic fields.

Electromagnetic waves with frequencies higher than radio-frequency electromagnetic fields [upper frequency limit of 300 GHz (gigahertz)] include infrared rays, visible light, ultraviolet rays, and radiation (X-rays, gamma rays). Among these, a part of ultraviolet rays and radiation have the ability to ionize (ionizing effect) by knocking electrons from the atoms that make up a substance when passing through it.

If a living organism is excessively exposed to this ionizing radiation, damage to DNA can occur. Cells normally have the ability to repair this damage properly, but if the repair is not performed correctly, the damage can accumulate, impairing the normal function of the cells, and potentially leading to adverse effects such as cancer.

However, low-frequency and radio-frequency electromagnetic fields do not have this ionizing effect, and it has not been confirmed that electromagnetic fields at exposure levels encountered in living environments can damage DNA."

Very strong low frequency electromagnetic fields (roughly below 100 kHz) can induce electric fields within the body and have stimulating effect that affects nerves and muscles.

Very strong radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (roughly above 100 kHz) have thermal effect of heating biological tissues.

In the vast amount of research conducted over the past several decades worldwide, exposure levels that could induce adverse health effects have been identified.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines for both low-frequency and radio-frequency electromagnetic fields, with a boundary of 100 kHz, which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

Among the components of solar power generating equipment, solar panels generate direct current, and around them, static electric and magnetic fields are generated. And the power conditioners convert direct current into alternating current at 50/60 Hz (hertz), which is used in homes, resulting in the generation of low frequency electromagnetic fields at these frequencies.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which adverse health effects can be caused.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

Japan EMF Information Center (JEIC) has conducted measurements of static magnetic field generated from solar panels and low frequency magnetic fields generated from power conditioners. As the result, it has been shown that the strength of the magnetic fields generated from them are below the reference level (200 µT (microteslas)) of the ICNIRP Guidelines.

Wireless LAN emits radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (radio waves) when transmitting data.

The vast amount of research conducted over several decades worldwide has revealed the exposure levels at which the thermal effect of very strong radio-frequency electromagnetic fields could cause adverse health effects.

Based on these research findings, the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) has established the Guidelines which incorporate sufficient safety margins to ensure levels that will not cause any adverse health effects.

Radio waves emitted from wireless LAN are lower than the limit values of the ICNIRP Guidelines and do not cause thermal effect.

The World Health Organization (WHO) has concluded in Fact Sheet No.304 “Base Stations and Wireless Technologies” that “considering the very low exposure levels and research results collected to date, there is no convincing scientific evidence that the weak RF [radio frequency] signals [radio waves] from base stations and wireless networks cause adverse health effects.”

Additionally, in Japan, devices that emit radio waves are regulated by the Radio Act. Therefore, for wireless LAN, the strength of the radio waves is controlled not to exceed the regulatory values based on the Radio Wave Protection Guidelines.

For example, the French National Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) concluded in its report on children's exposure to radio-frequency electromagnetic fields (radio waves) and the potential impact on their health that “children may be more vulnerable to effects due to the small size of their body, and the morphological and anatomical characteristics of some of their tissues, compared to adults.” Additionally, ANSES recommended the appropriate use of wireless communication technology by children.

On the other hand, Australian Radiation Protection and Nuclear Safety Agency (ARPANSA) stated in its Fact Sheet “Mobile phones and health” that "at present, the available body of scientific evidence does not indicate that children may be more vulnerable to RF EME [Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Energy] emissions from mobile phones than adults", "parents can encourage their children to reduce call time, only make calls where reception is good, use hands-free devices or speaker options, or send text messages instead of making calls."

Far infrared refers to the longer wavelengths (generally 0.003 mm to 1 mm) of infrared rays, which is a type of electromagnetic wave (electromagnetic field). When far infrared is absorbed by a substance, they are directly converted into the vibrational and rotational energy of the molecules and atoms that make up the substance, efficiently warming it. For this reason, far infrared is also used in hyperthermic therapy devices.

However, please be cautious as directly touching the heating element of a heating device can cause physical burns.